Subsurface voids pose significant concerns to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is essential for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar, o

Geotechnical exploration techniques are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly impact the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and landforms. A variety of ground-based exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include test pits, geophysical techniques such

Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation of